Background and Aim: Today several materials have been used for Root- end filling in endodontic surgery. Optimal properties of Pro Root MTA in in-vitro and in-vivo studies have been proven. On the other hand, based on some studies, Root MTA (Iranian Pro Root MTA) and Portland cement are similar to Pro Root MTA in physical and biologic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate bacterial leakage (amount and mean leakage time) of four Root- end filling materials. Materials and Methods: In this experimental in-vitro study, seventy six extracted single- Rooted human teeth were randomly divided into six groups for Root-end filling with gray Pro Root MTA, white Pro Root MTA, Root MTA (Iranian Pro Root MTA), Portland Cement (type I) and positive and negative control groups. Root canals were instrumented using the step- back technique. Root- end filling materials were placed in 3mm ultra sonic retro preparations. Samples and microleakage model system were sterilized in autoclave. The apical 3-4 mm of the Roots were immersed in phenol red with 3% lactose broth culture medium. The coronal access of each specimen was inoculated every 24h with a suspension of Streptococcus sanguis (ATCC 10556). Culture media were observed every 24h for color change indicating bacterial contamination for 60 days. Statistical analysis was performed using log- rank test with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. Results: At the end of study 50%, 56.25%, 56.25% and 50% of specimens filled with Gray Pro Root MTA, White Pro Root MTA. Root MTA and Portland Cement (type I) had evidence of leakage respectively. The mean leakage time was 37.19±6.29, 36.44±5.81, 37.69±5.97 and 34.81±6.67 days respectively. Statistical analysis of data showed no significant difference among the leakage (amount and mean leakage time) of the four tested Root- end filling materials (P=0.9958). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, there were no significant differences in leakage among the four tested groups at 60 days. The results suggest that Root MTA and Portland Cement can be used as less expensive Root filling materials.

Counter-urbanization has been defined with many definitions in research literature as increasing of the small town population in the process of urban expansion and development. This study investigates the counter-urbanization process in Isfahan metropolitan area based on an exploratory method using the population and immigration data, diurnal commuting, and the immigration motivators. The results show that, during different periods, population growth has been changed from the greater cities’ metropolitan area to the small towns. So that, there is less population growth near the main greater cities during the last decade. Regarding the immigration as well as migration effectiveness over the population, and immigration motivators, it can be said that the most important parameters of small towns’ expansion near the greater cities are better habitation opportunities, and finding better jobs. Furthermore, decreasing the diurnal commuting close to the greater cities shows that small towns, which are farther from the greater city, have more autonomy. In addition, based on polarization reversal model, and population development investigation in metropolitan areas, there are population development from the greater cities’ centre to the periphery area, which is leaded to decrease the population of the main greater city, and increase the population absorption in small towns. Consequently, the urbanization of Isfahan metropolitan area has entered to a counter-urbanization phase.

Background and Aim: Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is a material used in many endodontic problems.Recently a number of studies have reported that Portland Cement (PC) and MTA have similar physical, chemical and biologic properties. In addition, a material known as Root MTA which is produced in Iran has been claimed to have similar properties to Pro Root MTA. If these claims are true, possible use of PC and Root MTA in clinic instead of Pro Root MTA will be quite cost effective. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of Pro Root MTA, Root MTA and Portland Cement on L929 mouse fibroblasts.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 0, 4, 24 hours and 7 days' extracts of materials were transferred to cell culture plates containing L929 fibroblasts. After 24 hours incubation, cells were stained by Neutral Red (NR), and optical density (OD) of each cell was read with ELISA reader. Data were analyzed using Tukey HSD and one way analysis of variance. P<0.05 was considered as the level of significance.Results: In all surveyed groups and negative control group, at all time points separated cells from the base of the well were round. Refraction which is a characteristic of cellular death was not observed, whereas the separated cells from the base of well in positive control group showed refractional characteristic.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study Pro Root MTA, PC and Root MTA have the same biocompatibility. PC seems to have the potential to be used in the same clinical situation as MTA. However in order to replace MTA with these less expensive materials more in vitro and in vivo studies are suggested.

Background and Aim: The goal of endodontics is to seal the Root canal system from the orifice to apical constriction completely and tridimensionally. Hence perforations during Root canal therapy, because of caries or resorptions must be sealed and obturated with ideal materials. The aim of this study was to histologically compare two kinds of mineral trioxide aggregate Root MTA and Pro Root MTA for furcal perforation repair in developed teeth in dog. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, thirty teeth consisting of second, third and fourth mandibular premolars of five German shepherd dogs were selected. Twenty-four teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups (6 teeth each). One pair of Root MTA and Pro Root MTA groups studied in one month and the other in three months intervals. Positive and negative control groups was each contained three teeth. In positive control group, perforations were not treated and negative control group contained intact teeth. In experimental groups perforations repaired after one week exposure to oral cavity with Root MTA or Pro Root MTA. After time intervals animals were subjected to vital perfusion and 6 mm histologic sections were prepared. Inflammation and hard tissue formation were ranked by Cox criteria. Data were analysed using Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square statistical tests with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. Results: There was statistically significant lower inflammation and higher hard tissue formation in three months Root MTA and Pro Root MTA groups compared to one month interval (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in inflammation and hard tissue formation between Root MTA and Pro Root MTA in each intervals (P>0.05). Conclusion: Mineral Trioxide Aggregate is an adequate material for furcal perforation repair in dog’s teeth. Root MTA could be a good substitute for Pro Root MTA considering the lower cost and similar characteristics.

During 2009 and 2010 growing seasons, different irrigated fields were surveyed in Gorgan region.Infected plants with symptoms such as damping off, crown and Root rot, and foliar blight were collected. Samples were washed in running tap water and cultured on CMA+PARPH. Isolates were identified on the basis of morphological and some physiological characteristics. 50 isolates belonging to four species were identified. The species were: Phytophthora citrophthora from persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki); Phytophthora cryptogea from kiwi trees (Actinidia chinensis) with Root and crown rot sympotoms, crown and Root of potato (Solanum tuberosum) and gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii), Phytophthora nicotoanae from tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) Root and stem, Phytophthora palmivora from Root and crown of olive (Olea europae) seedlings and Phytophthora inundatafrom Root and stem of broad bean (Vicia faba). All of Phytophthora isolates were found pathogen on their host at greenhouse conditions. Based on our knowledge isolation of P. cryptogeagroup II from kiwi and potato and Phytophthora palmivora from olive trees were new for Iran, also P. inundata from broad bean was new for Iran and the world.

Background and Objective: One of the great challenges in dental practice is Root perforation sealing. At present time, there are two therapeutic methods for perforation, filling and surgical removal of affected area. In this in vitro study, we compared the sealing ability of two implanted materials, Iranian domestic Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (Root MTA) and foreign (Pro Root MTA).Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 58 selected maxilary and mandibular molar teeth were assigned into four experimental groups of 13 teeth and 2 groups of three teeth as control. Availability of the cavities was assessed prior to perforating of the furcal areas utilizing a No. 2 round bur. The defects were then filled using foreign MTA (Pro Root) and Iranian MTA. All of the subjects were incubated for 72 hours. In the next step, nail polish was applied in two layers to the surfaces of the teeth, except for the perforation areas and coronal portions which were filled with Amalgam. Once the nail polish dried, they were placed into 2% fuchsine solution for 12 hrs. The teeth were then mesiodistally resected using 72mm disk and evaluated separately by two endodontists using a stereomicroscope with a magnification of x 20. Data were analysied by T-test and ANOVA.Results: Results indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups regarding dye leakage (p=0.025). Pro MTA showed a lower leakage compare to Iranian MTA (Root MTA).Conclusion: The quality of Root MTA as a filling material may need to be improved in order to gain enough qualification as an alternative to Pro Root MTA.

Mahaleb cherry (Cerasus mahaleb L.) is endangered due to its limited ecological distribution, weak natural regeneration and seedling propagation problems. In order to determine suitable methods for Rooting and seedling production of C. mahaleb by hardwood cuttings with treatments of auxin in November and March, an experiment was carried out in a complete randomized design. Treatments were application of Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) at concentrations (0 as control, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, and 8000 mg l-1) and Naphtaline Acetic Acid (NAA) at concentrations (0 as control, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg l-1). After Rooting, Rooted cuttings were transferred to the field condition in fure rows with 70 cm distance. After one season of growth, five seedlings were excluded of the substrate and assessed for characteristics. Results showed that concentration of 2000 mg l-1 IBA and 1000 mg l-1 NAA in both of November and March are the best treatments for the percentage of Rooting, total seedling dry weight, Root area, leaf area, height, relative water content, and chlorophyll characteristics. High auxins concentration caused a decrease in all the characteristics studied. Percentage of Rooting and chlorophyll were significantly higher in November than to March in auxin treatments. It is concluded dipping in 2000 mg l-1 IBA is the best treatment for Rooting of its hardwood cuttings.

Root depth and distribution have an important role in drought resistance and optimization of moisture content of soil. This research was carried out in order to consider of Root response of triticale genotypes to water stress and recognition of Root trait that can effective in resistance of water stress. This experiment was in a factorial experiment based on completely random design on the year 2009. The genotypes of triticale was included (i) ET-82-15 (ii) ET-82-8 (iii) ET-82-17 and commercial triticale genotype Juanillo-92. Two irrigation regimes included 100 and 50 % of field capacity, respectively. The result showed that water stress result in increased 9% of Root depth in each plant. Differences between minimum Root depth was observed in ET-82-15 rather than maximum Root depth in Juanillo-92 was approximately 8.2 centimeters. Late irrigation caused to diminish 25% of Root length. Differences between maximum Root length in ET-82-15 and minimum Root length in ET-82-17 was not significant (p<0.01).Water deficit caused to decrease length, area, diameter and dry weight of Root on 0- 20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm layer of soil surface. Correlation coefficient between traits in water stress condition showed that all traits except length and diameter was the significant and positive correlation (p<0.01). It seems that Root length and area were the effective factors of these genotypes of triticale in water stress condition.

Seed priming is a method which is effective in improving germination and seedling establishment under stress conditions. To investigate the effects of seed priming on emergence and morphological characteristics of Root of three canola cultivars, an experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design in split plot with three replications. Main factors including five sowing dates with an interval of ten days and three canola cultivars and priming treatments including priming with water, zinc sulfate and control as sub plots were arranged in a factorial experiment. Results showed the highest emergence rate was achieved in Okapi by zinc sulfate priming with an average increase of 32 percent in all sowing dates. The most of the fresh and dry weight of three cultivars resulted from the first sowing date, 6 September. Sowing date October 16 under the hydropriming and primed with zinc sulfate increased Root length by 7 and 10 percent in the Okapi, 18 and 23 percent in Zarfam and 32 and 35 percent in Talayeh compared with their controls, respectively. Root volume of Okapi on September 26, October 6 and 16, increased respectively 38, 61 and 71 percent in hydropriming and 51, 67 and 47 percent by priming with zinc sulfate compared with their control treatments. The highest Root area on 6 and 16 September in all three cultivars was achieved by priming with zinc sulfate. Despite the decrease in Root diameter of delay sowing date, priming treatments could increase Root diameters compared with controls in each sowing date.